Analysis of Brahms 3
Always start with the biggest overview.
When analyzing a piece, always try to keep the larger perspective in mind. In the moment of hearing the music, do so with your full spirit and attention and try and forget all of the rules. When going back to learn the piece at a deeper level, try to connect the details to the bigger picture, as we saw how to do in our last lesson.
The Brahms movement that we're looking at is a large piece of music, so we'll practice keeping a larger perspective by focusing on just the first minute of the last movement. We won't get too bogged down with details, and we're only applying what we know to try and hear the piece in a new way.
Take a listen first, you can follow along with the full score as well, and then we'll dive into the analysis.
High level thoughts from first listening. 🎧
It's clear from listening that the music on the large level of this excerpt appears to organize into two big sections. The first section is the opening material that has underlying harmony but the main parameter that guides the ear seems to be melodic. Then there is a contrasting passage with notes that move together in a more homogenous and chordal way, that have a solemn and almost prayerful quality to the harmony.
Deep Dive Analysis of the first minute of Brahms 3rd Allegro:
The opening melodic material
Figure 1. Here is a totally unconventional analysis of the Brahms but I hope that my explanation will help this image make sense. It reflects how I hear it. This piano reduction is itself a form of harmonic reduction of the original score. As you can see from bar 1 the harmony has to be inferred since, well, the music is in unison. Brahms begins this movement with a 4 bar melody that has an inner harmonic rhythm that changes once per bar. I labeled the harmony with Roman numerals just to indicate the feeling. For a true analysis of the opening material, the piece would require a more complicated melodic analysis since so much of what opens up later on can be found in the opening bars, but we'll save that for a discussion in a counterpoint course, which is considered a separate field of music theory.
The main idea is that the 4 bars breathe like a V-i-V-i cadence in F minor. You can confirm that since the notes on the first two downbeats are C and F. The next 4 bars, 5-8, open up a harmonic perspective; the orchestra is no longer in unison, we hear thirds and sixths, the stuff of our familiar tertian harmony. This time though, the 4 bar phrase ends on the C major chord; a true half cadence in F minor.
Starting on bar 9, we hear a variation of the first 4 bar phrase. Each element of the variation is a new contrast, and as you can see Brahms is applying several contrasts at once, which is typical during this period of high-Romanticism. But the way that Brahms introduces these contrasts is so unique and connected to what comes before that the contrasts are welcome by the ear.
In bar 9 we hear the same exact notes as the beginning in the soprano but now it is one octave higher. We are also not going with the underlying harmony of the beginning, but introducing a much richer harmony by going to the submediant of F, Db major. Even though Brahms writes the same pitches, the melody on bar 9 is extended in time, a melodic augmentation, so that the motif that appeared on the downbeat of bar 2 is now on the third beat of bar 10 (the motif is labeled green in Figure 1). This kind of rhythmic displacement is very typical in the writing of Brahms, where he achieves a music that almost feels upside down. The melodic balance is gained back by extending the same motif (light blue) in the variation melody again so that the concluding phrase is as it first appears, on the downbeat (purple).
Let's again at the extension. From the beginning until bar 9, we've only heard F minor (tonics and dominants) but very suggestively; not a single tonic chord was played and only the harmony of C major comes in at bar 8 for the half cadence. By hearing the notes of the beginning again, Brahms gives the hint of stability but that actually makes the extension over Db highly musical, because he gives time for the ear to hear the change. The extension that introduces the Db major chord is followed with a Bb minor 7th chord and an E major, which all points to Ab major (IV, ii7, and V respectively in Ab major). Ab major is the stable mediant of F minor, and is the parallel major, so it makes sense as to how Brahms has moved to this harmonic region so quickly. The second melodic extension starts on Ab major, instead of the dominant of F minor, clearly developed from the beginning, and now introduces another contrasting harmony, the remote chord of Gb major. Gb major isn't really in the key of Ab major, but it is the Neapolitan (bII) of F minor. The Gb is followed up by the G diminished chord and a C major chord, hinting much more strongly at a bII-iiº-V-i cadence in F minor. But, we don't ever get the resolution and confirmation of F minor, still, our phrase ends on C major. This time, the C major doesn't feel like a half cadence, the C major feels more stronger than that. It has been tonicized and strengthened by its own dominant of G major (measure 17).
The Contrasting Chordal Passage
This special passage appears almost out of nowhere. The vague suggestions of Ab major and F minor from the beginning unfolded through the churning strings and distant winds, but now with the entrance of the brass, like a signal, Brahms indicates that something new is coming.
In my reduction and analysis, I indicate everything that came before measure 18 with a simple C major chord (in parenthesis). This summarizes the opening and also represents the harmony that comes just before this passage.
Connecting us from the churning beginning to this stable chordal music are just 2 notes, Eb. It itself is different from anything that is in C major (C-E-G), but immediately we hear a new note to go with the Eb, Ab: a new fifth, and a familiar one, one that was strongly hinted at in the opening bars, as we saw. The step from C major to Ab major feels like an introverted step, as we remember from our study of the intervals.
This introversion is deepened even further by going to the minor subdominant of Ab major: Db minor. The I-iv-I movement is like a minor plagal cadence, which immediately confirms the prayerful quality that we remember from our first listen-through. It also is apparent that the 2 Eb's are in the same voice as the guiding melodic line of this moving harmony, that I labeled red in the first phrase and blue in the second phrase.
After the minor plagal cadence, again, 2 notes, Eb. This time we hear C minor after, the mediant of Ab major, and the C minor is confirmed with its own dominant, G major. The D natural is now present in the melodic voice, giving a new color.
Then a sudden change, we hear Ab major again along with its major subdominant, Db major. Then in the next measure we hear the major subdominant of Db major, Gb major; relative to Ab major, the IV of IV. Now we are really steeped in the plagal cadential sound. We hear the Ab major with a Gb (in bar 10 of the analysis) to form a Ab7 chord. These two tones, Ab and Gb, are the upper and lower fifths of Db major. So we hear the final Ab major chord as not the most stable, but charged toward the more stable Db as the dominant of Db. Then again we hear those two notes, Eb, that connects us to where we came from and on to the rest of the movement.
Each time we hear those two Eb's, they sound different. They are the same exact note, but look at the context each time they appear. First from C major to Ab major. Then from Ab major to C minor. Then from Ab major that has been charged toward Db major. Each time, the Eb is more and more developed.
Take another look again at all of the chords that we've heard in the chorale section. Ab major, Db major, Gb major, C major, G major. Aren't these all chords that we've heard in the first half?
Through analysis, we've found that the two sections are indeed closer than they first appeared.
I invite you to listen again to the clip from the top of the page, and follow along with the analysis to see if you can hear how the smallest musical units are developed and transformed by being clothed in different ways. Brahms, being a master of music, is always finding a way to make these developments organic and connected.
The widest perspective.
We won't ever know the significance of the contrasting chordal material until we hear the entire piece. What will a composer like Brahms do with this material, with this contrast from the beginning? The only way to truly learn how it fits in to the rest is to hear the piece in its entirety!
I encourage you to do so for yourself, but if you are curious, you can listen to this passage to see how far Brahms transforms this chordal music into one of the most exciting and thrilling symphonic climaxes of the 19th century.
I hope you've gained a lot by reading through the material in this course. Stay tuned for future developments on this site and my Youtube channel where I'll be teaching this and a lot more in the future. Ciao for now!